Asian Journal of Medical Research

Clinicopathological Spectrum of Breast Lumps: A Correlative Analysis of Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology and Histopathological Findings

2026-10-02T10:22:00+00:00

Background: Breast lumps constitute a frequent clinical presentation in women and encompass a broad spectrum of pathological entities, ranging from benign proliferative and non-neoplastic lesions to malignant neoplasms. Timely and accurate characterization of these lesions is essential for establishing an appropriate therapeutic strategy and optimizing clinical outcomes. Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and histopathological examination (HPE) represent important diagnostic modalities in the evaluation and characterization of breast lesions. Aims: To characterize the clinicopathological profile of patients presenting with palpable breast lumps and to assess the degree of correlation between FNAC findings and definitive histopathological diagnoses. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery at Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre, MORADABAD over a period of one year. The study population comprised patients presenting with clinically palpable breast lumps to the outpatient department, as well as admitted patients fulfilling the predefined eligibility criteria during the study period. A total of 100 patients were enrolled and constituted the study sample. Results: A total of 100 patients presenting with breast lumps were evaluated in the present study. Histopathological examination demonstrated that benign lesions constituted the predominant pathological category, accounting for 70 cases (70%). Malignant lesions were identified in 25 patients (25%), whereas inflammatory lesions constituted 5 cases (5%). Conclusion: FNAC represents a simple, rapid, minimally invasive, and cost-effective modality for the initial evaluation of palpable breast lesions. Nevertheless, histopathological examination continues to serve as the definitive diagnostic standard, particularly when precise pathological characterization is required. An integrated clinicopathological approach incorporating clinical assessment, FNAC, and histopathological evaluation can facilitate more accurate diagnosis and contribute to appropriate and timely patient management.

Controversies in the Management of Mandibular Condylar Fractures: A Narrative Review of Anatomy, Diagnosis, Classification, Treatment Modalities, and Complications

2026-10-02T10:30:18+00:00

Background: Fractures of the mandibular condyle account for approximately 25–40% of all mandibular fractures and remain one of the most debated entities in maxillofacial traumatology. Despite more than nine decades of accumulated clinical experience, no universally accepted protocol exists for choosing between closed (conservative) reduction and open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF). The objective is to synthesize and critically appraise the anatomical, diagnostic, classificatory, therapeutic, and complication-related evidence on mandibular condylar fractures, and to clarify the principal areas of ongoing controversy in their management. Subjects and Methods: A structured narrative review was undertaken of 45 primary and secondary sources published between 1927 and 2025, spanning foundational classification studies, comparative clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and contemporary innovations in fixation technology. Data were extracted on diagnostic accuracy, classification frameworks, treatment indications, surgical approaches, and quantitative complication rates, and evidence was graded using a standard three-tier level-of-evidence framework. Results: Nine major classification systems have been proposed since 1927, of which the Spiessl and Schroll and Lindahl systems remain the most clinically applied. Computed tomography demonstrated higher sensitivity than orthopantomography for fracture detection (100% vs 87.5% overall; 92% vs 70% in children). Pooled complication rates after ORIF were led by transient facial nerve weakness (8.3%, with 0.3% permanent), followed by hardware-related complications (1.79%), salivary leakage (1.62%) and salivary fistula (1.11%); closed reduction was associated with inadequate condylar remodeling in 3.05% of cases. Of the key comparative studies reviewed, findings were evenly split between those favouring ORIF and those favouring conservative management, reflecting genuine equipoise in the literature rather than a clear consensus. Conclusion: No single management strategy is universally superior. Treatment selection should be individualized according to patient age, fracture level and displacement, occlusal status, and surgeon expertise, with ORIF increasingly favoured for displaced or dislocated fractures in adults and conservative management remaining the standard for minimally displaced and pediatric fractures. Further multicentric randomized trials with standardized outcome measures are required to resolve the long-standing debate.

Detection of Microaneurysms in Retinal Systems

2026-10-02T10:44:15+00:00

Retinopathy indicates break to small blood vessels in the eye that can lead to vision problems. This blind rate can be greatly reduced by regular screening. The Screening program is the early detection of the abnormal vessels. Diabetic macular edema is an advanced symptom of diabetic retinopathy and can lead to permanent vision loss. Retinopathy divides into two stages Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR). The manual detection of retinopathy results is not accurate, so the diagnosis process is very mandatory for the medical field. In this paper, initially pre-processing Technique has applied the image using two filters (median filter, wiener filter) and Enhancement phase is carried out by using contrast stretching, so that gray level in the image will get established. Segmentation is the next step after the pre-processing. K-means is used to segment the exudates from the surrounding eye images. Finally, SVM (Binary SVM) classification are used to classify the image.

Baraṣ (Vitiligo) in Historical and Unani Literature: A Comprehensive Review

2026-10-02T11:37:18+00:00

Baraṣ (Vitiligo) is a chronic depigmentary disorder marked by well demarcated glossy white macules due to selective loss or dysfunction of melanocytes, causing significant psychosocial morbidity despite being non-fatal. The review traces historical descriptions of Baraṣ across Unani, Ayurvedic, Greco Roman and other classical texts, and synthesizes classical Unani concepts including Fasād al Dam, Balgham i Ghalīẓ, weakness of Quwwat Mughayyira/Mushabbiha/Dāfi‘a, and prognostic signs such as bleeding on pricking with contemporary pathophysiological models (autoimmune, neural, oxidative stress, genetic susceptibility and convergence theory). Clinical classification parallels modern nosology (non segmental, segmental, mixed), while Unani subtypes (Baraṣ i Uẓmā, Baraṣ i Muntashir) emphasize depth and chronicity of humoural involvement. Diagnosis relies on clinical examination complemented by Wood’s lamp, targeted laboratory screening for associated autoimmune disorders (notably thyroid disease), and, when indicated, biopsy. Therapeutic strategies integrate Unani principles Tanqiyā i Badan, Ta’dil i Mizāj, Islāh i Haḍm, topical Jālī/Muḥammir/Musakhkhin agents, and regimental therapies with evidence based modern treatments such as topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, NBUVB phototherapy, and surgical grafting for stable lesions. The review highlights areas of concordance (sun exposure/psoralen use historically and in PUVA), identifies limitations in prognostication, and advocates for rigorous clinical trials to evaluate Unani single and compound formulations alongside conventional modalities. Integration of traditional Unani approaches with modern dermatological care may offer a holistic, patient centred pathway for managing Baraṣ, but requires standardized protocols and safety efficacy data.

Aloe Vera as a Multifunctional Medicinal Plant: A Review of its Clinical Applications

2026-10-02T11:44:36+00:00

Aloe vera has long been valued in traditional medicine for its soothing, anti-inflammatory, and healing properties. It is a succulent plant that stores water in its leaves, producing a gel widely used for therapeutic purposes. This gel has found applications in modern ophthalmic care, particularly in managing dry eye, supporting post-surgical healing, and relieving conditions like conjunctivitis. However, its use in medical treatments requires proper formulation and safety considerations. Aloe vera contains bioactive compounds, including anthraquinones, which are known for their antiviral, antibacterial, and potential anticancer effects. Although there are more than 300 species of aloe found across dry regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, only a few, especially Aloe barbadensis, are commercially important and widely used. Today, aloe vera is a natural ingredient frequently incorporated into cosmetic and healthcare products. This article briefly discusses the plant, its active components, mechanisms of action, and its clinical applications.